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– The process of capturing relationships between words by reducing inflected words to their stem or root form (reductive stemming), or expanding stems to their inflected forms (expansive stemming). For example, the word "swimming" is reduced to the stem "swim." Because the word "swam" can also be reduced to "swim," reductive stemming can create a list of all possible word forms that can be used by the query processor alongside the query string. ¹